Chapter 3

Hal Gold, Unit 731: Testimony (Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1996), 75.

Hal Gold, Japan’s Infamous Unit 731: Firsthand Accounts of Japan’s Wartime Human Experimentation Program (Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 1996).

Ibid., 84-85.

Judith Miller, “When Germ Warfare Happened,” City Journal, Spring 2010.

Friedrich Frischknecht, “The History of Biological Warfare,” EMBO Reports 4, no. S1 (2003): S47-52, doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor849.

Hal Gold, Unit 731: Testimony (Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1996), 30-31.

Ibid., 31.

Howard Brody et al., “United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 2 (2014): 220-30, doi: 10.1017/S0963180113000753.

Nicholas Kristof, “Unmasking Horror–A Special Report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity,” New York Times, Mar. 17, 1995.

Romeo Jung, “Unit 731: Imperial Japan’s Biological and Chemical Warfare,” Dangerous World, Mar. 25, 2018.

John W. Powell, “Japan’s Germ Warfare: The US Cover-Up of a War Crime,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 12, no. 4 (1980): 2-17, doi: 10.1080/14672715.1980.10405225.

Nicholas Kristof, “Unmasking Horror–A Special Report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity,” New York Times, Mar. 17, 1995.

Thomas Easton, “A Quiet Honesty Records a World War II Atrocity,” Baltimore Sun, May 27, 1995.

Hal Gold, Japan’s Infamous Unit 731: Firsthand Accounts of Japan’s Wartime Human Experimentation Program (Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 1996), 44.

Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 5.

Ibid., 6.

Ibid., 3.

Ibid., 5.

“Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering,” Medical Bag, May 28, 2014.

Ibid., 44.

Hal Gold, Unit 731: Testimony (Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1996), 44.

Ibid., 41, 51.

“Pure Evil: Wartime Japanese Doctor Had No Regard for Human Suffering,” Medical Bag, May 28, 2014.

Russell Working, “The Trial of Unit 731,” The Japan Times, Jun. 5, 2001.

“The Development of Unit 731,” Pacific Atrocities Education, 2021.

Richard Stockton, “Inside Unit 731, Japan’s Disturbing Human Experiments Program During World War II,” All That’s Interesting, Oct. 2, 2022.

Nicholas Kristof, “Unmasking Horror—A Special Report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity,” New York Times, Mar. 17, 1995.

Hal Gold, Unit 731: Testimony (Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1996), 40.

William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon & Schuster,1960), 1165.

Hal Gold, Japan’s Infamous Unit 731: Firsthand Accounts of Japan’s Wartime Human Experimentation Program (Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 1996), 87–89.