Chapter 3

H. J. Jansen et al., “Biological Warfare, Bioterrorism, and Biocrime,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20, no. 6 (2014), doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12699.

Sherwood Ross, “Boyle Charges US Germ Warfare Program Is ‘Criminal Enterprise’,” World Beyond War, Oct. 2021.

Ozan Yagmuroglu, “Adsorption and Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agents by Metal-Organic Framework,” Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research 26, no.1 (2020), doi: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.26.004306.

“Rye Ergot,” Guinness World Records, Jan. 20, 2002.

Mark Cartwright, “Peloponnesian War,” World History Encyclopedia, May 2, 2018.

Richard Crawley, “Thucydides on the Siege of Plataea,” Livius, Jul.16, 2020.

“China and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Implications for the United States,” National Intelligence Council, Nov.
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Ryan Fan, “The Mongols Helped Spread a Pandemic to Europe through Biological Warfare,” Medium, Sep. 26, 2021.

Mark Wheelis, “Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sep. 8, 2002.

“Ottoman-Hungarian Wars: Siege of Belgrade in 1456,” HistoryNet, Jun. 12, 2006.

National Institute of Health, “1763–1764: Britain Wages Biological Warfare with Smallpox,” Native Voices.

Lenny Flank, “History of Chemical/Biological Arms Race: Chapter One,” Daily Kos, Sep. 6, 2013.

Steve Blevins and Michael Bronze, “Robert Koch and the ‘golden age’ of Bacteriology,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 9 (2010).

Stefan Riedel, “Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism: A Historical Review,” Baylor University Medical Proceedings 17, no. 4 (2004): 400-406, doi: 10.1080/08998280.2004.11928002.

Ibid.

Gerard Fitzgerald, “Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I,” American Public Health Association 98, no. 4 (2008): 611-625, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930.

Office of Disarmament Affairs, “1925 Geneva Protocol,” United Nations, May 1925.

“Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol),” US Department of State.

“The Second Italo-Ethiopian War and the Violations of International Humanitarian Law,” The Reporter, May 30, 2016.

“Russia Chemical Overview,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, Jun. 19, 2015.

R. Roffey, A. Tegnell, F. Elgh, “Biological Warfare in a Historical Perspective,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 8, no. 8 (2002): 450-454, doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00501.

Federation of American Scientists, “Chemical Weapons Technology,” Intelligence Resource Program, II-4-2.

Erhard Geissler and John Ellis van Courtland Moon, Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (Oxford University Press, 1999), 91–126.

“A Brief History of Nerve Agents,” University of Bristol School of Chemistry, accessed May 23, 2023.

Cattle Cake Photograph, “Porton Down Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment 1919–2000,” Imperial War Museum.

James Felton, “Operation Vegetarian: The Plan to Drop Anthrax Cakes on Germany, Killing Millions,” IFL Science, Nov. 17, 2021.

Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program That Brought Nazi Scientists to America (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 294.

Thomas Newdick, “The British Had a Plan to Drop Anthrax Laced Cattle Feed over Germany in 1942,” The Drive, Nov. 27, 2020.

Jeanne Guillemin, “Scientists and the History of Biological Weapons: A Brief Historical Overview of the Development of Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century,” EMBO Reports 7, (2006): S45–S49, doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400689.

“Japan, POWs and the Geneva Conventions,” American Experience, Aug. 20, 2019.